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and A. Yazdani, Mapping the One-Dimensional Electronic States of Nano-
tube Peapod Structures, Science 295 (February 1, 2002): 828 31.
25. The Institute for Soldier Nanotechologies is part of the U.S. Army Re-
search Office in the Department of Defense, http://www.aro.army.mil/sol
diernano/.
26. Advances in targeting tumors are reported in the following: Michael Mc-
Devitt et al., Tumor Therapy with Targeted Atomic Nanogenerators, Science
294 (November 16, 2001): 1537 40; Abraxane for injectable suspension,
http://www.abraxane.com/; NCI [National Cancer Institute] Alliance for
Nanotechnology in Cancer, brochure, Cancer Nanotechnology: Going Small for
Big Advances (breast cancer), http://nano.cancer.gov/resource_center/
cancer_nanotechnology_brochure.as p; communications of Introgen Thera-
peutics, corporate office in Austin, http://www.corporate-ir.net/ireye/
ir_site.zhtml?ticker ingn&script 2100; L. R. Hirsch et al., Nanoshell-
Mediated Near-Infrared Thermal Therapy of Tumors under Magnetic Resonance
Guidance, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100 (November
11, 2003): 13549 54; pSivida Limited, a global nanotechnology company in
Perth, Western Australia, which developed BioSilicon , http://www.psivida
Chapter 1 163
.com/default.asp; and Stephen C. Lee, Mark Ruegsegger, Philip D. Barnes,
Bryan R. Smith, and Mauro Ferrari, Therapeutic Nanodevices, in Springer
Handbook of Nanotechnology, ed. Bharad Bhushan (New York: Springer,
2004).
27. Progress in nanomedicine in attacking infectious agents is reported in
Bacteria: Beware! Self-Assembled Cyclic Peptide Nanotubes Potentially Offer
a Powerful Approach to Treating Bacterial Infections, Structure-Based Drug
Design: A C&En Special Report, Chemical & Engineering News 79, no. 2 (Au-
gust 6, 2001): 41 43, http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/7932/7932bac
teria.html.
28. Reports on drug-delivery systems include Rainer H. Muller and Cornelia
M. Keck, Challenges and Solutions for the Delivery of Biotech Drugs: A Re-
view of Drug Nanocrystal Technology and Lipid Nanoparticles, Journal of
Biotechnology 113 (September 30, 2004): 151 70; R. H. Muller and C. M.
Keck, Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Genes and Drugs to Human Hepato-
cytes, Nature Biotechnology 21, no. 8 (August 21, 2003): 885 90; and Ezio
Ricca and Simon M. Cutting, Emerging Applications of Bacterial Spores in
Nanobiotechnology, Journal of Nanobiotechnology 1 (December 15, 2003):
1 6.
29. For reports on diagnostic tools, see Park So-Jung, T. Andrew Taton, and
Chad A. Mirkin, Array-Based Electrical Detection of DNA with Nanoparticle
Probes, Science 295, no. 5559 (February 22, 2002): 1503 6; James R. Heath,
Michael E. Phelps, and Leroy Hood, NanoSystems Biology, Molecular Im-
aging & Biology 5, no. 5 (September October 2003): 312 25; Amanda J.
Haes, Lei Chang, William L. Klein, and Richard P. Van Duyne, Detection of
a Biomarker for Alzheimer s Disease from Synthetic and Clinical Samples Using
a Nanoscale Optical Biosensor, Journal of the American Chemical Society 127,
no. 7 (February 23, 2005): 2264 71; and Quantum Dot Corporation, Hay-
ward, Calif. (QdotR particles), at http://www.qdots.com/live/index.asp.
30. On blood replacement, see Robert A. Freitas Jr., Respirocytes: A Me-
chanical Artificial Red Cell: Exploratory Design in Medical Nanotechnology,
revision of 1996 paper, copyright now 1996 99, http://www.foresight.org/
Nanomedicine/Respirocytes.html.
31. For information on improvements of prosthetic devices and implants,
see Robert A. Freitas Jr., Nanomedicine, Volume 1: Basic Capabilities (George-
town, Tex.: Landesbioscience, 1999); B. C. Crandell, ed., in Nanotechnology:
Molecular Speculations on Global Abundance (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press,
1999); and BECON (NIH Bioengineering Consortium), Nanoscience and Na-
notechnology: Shaping Biomedical Technology: Symposium Report, June 2000,
http://grants.nih.gov/becon/becon_symposia.htm.
164 Notes
32. See Richard Crawford, Cosmetic Nanosurgery, 61 80, in Nanotech-
nology, ed. Crandell.
33. For bottom-up advances in using biological materials operating like
machines at the nanoscale, particularly work by the Montemagno group, see
David S. Goodsell, Bionanotechnology: Lessons from Nature (Hoboken, N.J.:
Wiley-Liss, 2004); Richard A. L. Jones, Soft Machines: Nanotechnology and Life
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2004); Ralph S. Greco, Fritz B. Prinz,
and R. Lane Smith, eds., Nanoscale Technology in Biological Systems (New York:
CRC Press, 2005); Ricky K. Soong, George D. Bachand, Hercules P. Neves,
Anatoli G. Olkhovets, Harold G. Craighead, and Carlo D. Montemagno,
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